| Sažetak | Akademsko varanje na medicinskim fakultetima snažan je prediktor disciplinskih mjera koje se pokreću protiv liječnika/ca, tijekom njihovih profesionalnih života. Prema General Medical Council-u iz Velike Britanije, akademsko varanje jedna je od najčešćih stavki koja zabrinjava kad se procjenjuje sposobnost za rad studenata medicine. Cilj ove disertacije bio je procijeniti široki raspon individualnih i situacijskih čimbenika koji bi mogli utjecati na pojavnost i/ili učestalost akademski nedoličnog ponašanja pri medicinskim fakultetima i ponuditi model za predviđanje studentskog varanja.
Istraživanje je bilo provedeno u tri koraka i sastojalo se od tri studije. U prve dvije preliminarne studije, s pomoću posebno izrađenog upitnika bilo je anketirano 600 studenata (od kojih je prikupljen 591 valjano odgovoreni upitnik ili 98,5%) Medicinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu s 1., 3. i 6. godine studija medicine (za usporedbu studenata različitih godina studija s istog fakulteta) te 610 studenata (od kojih je prikupljeno 594 valjano odgovorenih upitnika ili 97,4%) 1. godine studija Sveučilišta u Mostaru za usporedbu studenata medicine i nemedicinskih studija. Upitnicima su se prikupljali podatci o: studentskoj sklonosti sudjelovanju u akademski nedoličnom ponašanju pri čemu bi uplitali i nekoga drugoga u takvo ponašanje, njihovoj sklonosti traženju osobnih materijalnih usluga od drugih te njihovoj motivaciji za rad/studiranje. Također su prikupljeni i podatci o dobi studenata, spolu, godini studiranja, prosjeku ocjena i (ne)ponavljanju godina tijekom studiranja. U trećoj studiji taj isti upitnik podijeljen je uzorku od 1409 studenata medicine (od kojih je prikupljeno 1373 valjano odgovorenih upitnika ili 97,4%) u Hrvatskoj (hrvatski studenti i strani studenti podrijetlom iz zapadnih zemalja EU), Bosni i Hercegovini te Makedoniji za usporedbu studentskih sklonosti u (ne)akademskom ponašanju i njihove motivacije za rad/studiranje u različitim zemljama.
U studenata medicine unutarnja motivacija bila je značajno više izražena negoli u studenata nemedicinskih fakulteta, što je pokazano na uzorku studenata Sveučilišta u Mostaru, u domeni unutarnje motivacije (P<0,001) i na obje podljestvice Užitak (P=0,001) i Izazov (P=0,002), dok je vanjska motivacija bila podjednaka (P>0,05), a u studijama u Zagrebu i Mostaru pokazana je veća unutarnja motivacija žena u odnosu na muškarce posebice u domeni Užitak (P<0,001) te nešto veća sklonost traženju usluga i u akademskom okružju i osobnih materijalnih usluga.
Prediktivni modeli koji objašnjavaju 14-18% varijance u varanju, konzistentno su pokazali da je spremnost traženja osobnih materijalnih usluga bila najsnažniji pozitivni prediktor sklonosti akademskom varanju (B=0,68; =0,31; 95% CI=0,56-0,79; P<0,001), a slijedile su ga ekstrinzična motivacija kao slabiji pozitivni (B=0,11; =0,16; 95% CI=0,07-0,14; P<0,001) i intrinzična motivacija kao slabiji negativni prediktor (B=-0,09; =-0,13; 95% CI=-0,12/-0,05; P<0,001). Zemlja podrijetla, prosjek ocjena, spol i godina studiranja nisu bili povezani s varanjem u interkulturalno prikupljenim podatcima. Nadalje, pokazano je da je varanje bilo kooperativniji proces od traženja osobnih materijalnih usluga ukazujući na iščezavanje etičkih/socijalnih zapreka u prevenciji varanja.
Usporedive studentske namjere varanja uočene na medicinskim fakultetima susjednih zemalja sugeriraju da bi se u njima mogle postaviti i provoditi jedinstvene mjere u svrhu preveniranja takvog ponašanja. Društveni aspekt visoke učestalosti sklonosti uključivanju drugih u akademsko varanje kao i posljedice takvog ponašanja nisu samo problem pojedinih fakulteta ili zemalja već bi se trebale promotriti s još više razine – razine društva u cijelosti. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Academic cheating at the medical school is a strong predictor of disciplinary actions towards a medical doctor later on during his/her professional life. According to the General Medical Council of the Great Britain, academic cheating is one of the most frequent areas of concern relating to student fitness to practice. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to estimate wide range of individual and contextual factors proposed to affect occurrence and/or frequency of academic misconduct at medical schools and to propose a model for predicting student’s cheating.
The research was performed in three steps and is composed of the three studies. In the first two preliminary studies, 591 medical students (out of 600 surveyed or 98,5%) from the University of Zagreb, School of Medicine at 1st, 3rd and 6th year of study fully answered to specially constructed three-parts questionnaire used to test for possible differences among students at the different study years, and 594 students (out of 610 surveyed or 97,4%) from the University of Mostar to compare for possible differences between medical and non-medical students. The data were collected on: students’ intention to perform academic misconduct by engaging others, their intention to perform a non-academic behaviour also by engaging others (ask others for personal material favours), and their motivation for study/work. Also data were gathered on students’ age, gender, year of study, grade point average and failed/passed years of study. In the third study, the same questionnaires were distributed to 1409 (1373 fully responded or 97,4%) medical students studying in Croatia (Croatian students and students with western EU origin), Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia to test for possible differences in students’ propensity to ask for unethical academic favours, as well as personal material favours and their motivation for work/study among different countries.
In medical students intrinsic motivation was significantly higher (P<0,001) than in non-medical students at the University of Mostar, as well as on sub-scales Enjoyment (P=0,001) and Challenge (P=0,002), whereas extrinsic motivations were not significantly different (P>0,05). In both studies in Zagreb and Mostar intrinsic motivation was significantly higher in female respondents compared with males (P<0,001) especially on Enjoyment sub-scale (P<0,001) and greater willingness to ask for favours both in academic cheating and personal material ones.
Predictive models explaining 14 to 18% of variance in cheating consistently showed that the willingness to ask others personal material favours was the strongest positive predictor of propensity for academic cheating (B=0,68; =0,31; 95% CI=0,56-0,79; P<0,001), followed by extrinsic motivation as a weaker positive (B=0,11; =0,16; 95% CI=0,07-0,14; P<0,001) and intrinsic motivation as a weaker negative predictor (B=-0,09; =-0,13; 95% CI=-0,12/-0,05; P<0,001). Country of origin was not associated with cheating, and grade-point average, gender and year of study were not confirmed as predictors in the cross-culture dataset. In addition, cheating was shown to be more cooperative process than non-academic counterpart behaviour indicating that ethical/social barriers preventing cheating may be vanishing.
Comparable students’ intentions to cheat at medical schools observed among neighbouring countries suggested that policies towards preventing cheating in these countries may be shared. The social aspect of high prevalence of willingness to engage others in academic cheating and the consequences of such behaviour are not only the problem of individual schools or countries but need to be addressed at the level of the whole community. |
