Grain plays an important role in the world, as it is used for various purposes, from energy supply to human nutrition. Wheat and barley are the two most important cereals worldwide, both in terms of acreage and production volume. Wheat is one of the oldest and most important cereals, and barley is the fourth largest cereal in the world and one of the most genetically diverse cereals. The popularity of wheat throughout the world is partly due to its high yields and adaptability. In the Republic of Croatia, wheat yields in the period from 2010 to 2021 are between 4 and 7 t/ha, with an average of 5 t/ha. In the period from 2010 to 2021, barley yields in the Republic of Croatia ranged between 3.28 and 5.48 t/ha, with an average yield of 4 t/ha. Both in the Republic of Croatia and in the Member States of the European Union, significant quantities of barley and wheat are produced every year, which are sold on the domestic market and exported abroad. Both the Republic of Croatia and the European Union have large exports of wheat and barley and are self-sufficient in barley and wheat. Over the years, it has been shown that imports and exports of wheat and barley fluctuate within and outside the European Union, and that although the prices of wheat and barley in the Republic of Croatia have changed, this change has never been drastic. Considering the growing world population and the consumption of wheat and barley by the population, it is necessary to work towards increasing the production and export of wheat and barley in the European Union, as this will help to meet people's needs for wheat and barley in the future, but also to achieve better incomes in the agriculture of the European Union and the Republic of Croatia.