Schizophrenia is a chronical psychiatric disorder characterized by many symptoms which are divided into positive (delusions, hallucinations, disconnected speech and paranoid and delusional ideas), negative (lack of motivation, emotional withdrawal, etc.) and cognitive symptoms (difficulty with concentrating, learning and short-term memory). Most of the symptoms occur in adolescence or early adulthood. It is very important to identify patients in the earliest stage of the disorder because early identification and initiation of treatment significantly improves the clinical outcomes of the treatment. Currently, the diagnosis of schizophrenia relies only on the subjective interpretation of the clinical symptoms displayed by patients. There are various theories of pathophysiological changes in schizophrenia, with neurochemical theories being the most common. Most of these theories focus on dysfunctions in neurotransmitter systems, especially dopamine, serotonin and gluta-mate. Specific biomarkers are required to diagnose the disease in a timely and correct manner and to effective-ly monitor treatment outcomes. According to the World Health Organization, biomarkers are any measure that reflects the interaction between a biological system and a potential chemical, biological or physical detrimental factor. Various laboratory approaches have been developed to identify biomarkers and their functions in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, such as studies related to: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), mole-cules involved in inflammation and immune system function, oxidative stress and metabolism, followed by various neurochemical analyzes, epigenetic regulation and miRNAs, and transcriptome and proteome analysis. The search for specific biomarkers is progressing rapidly, but due to the complexity of the disease itself and the unspecificity of biomarkers so far, the search for the best is still ongoing.