Ayurveda is an ancient medical system that has been traditionally practiced in India for centuries, and in recent times has become increasingly interesting and prevalent in European and other Western countries. Phytotherapy based on the use of herbal drugs plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of diseases in Ayurveda, but requires knowledge of both the basic concepts and the specific Ayurvedic properties that determine drugs action and application. The research conducted within this thesis was of a theoretical nature and included a review of recent professional and scientific literature on Ayurvedic herbal medicine, with emphasis on the characteristic properties, traditional classification and traditional medicinal forms as well as the possibility of using the most popular herbs in modern, rational phytotherapy. The paper contributes to the understanding of the use of Ayurvedic herbal drugs within the traditional medicinal system and the enlargement of existing pharmaceutical knowledge in the field of pharmacognosy and phytotherapy in response to the growing general interest in unconventional treatments and new phytopreparations on the market.