Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The cause of MS is unknown, but MS is thought to be a multicomponent disease caused by the presence of a genetic predisposition and an autoimmune response triggered by infection. The development of new methods and markers provides insight into the unknown pathogenesis of the disease. Standards for the diagnosis of MS are oligoclonal bands, IgG index and MRZ reactions in clinical practice. Prognostic biomarkers for MS can provide information on the course of disease activity and indicate conversion to another form of MS (detection of oligoclonal IgG bands in cerebrospinal fluid, detection of oligoclonal bands IgM in cerebrospinal fluid, CHI3L1, NF, N-CAM, MMP). Biomarkers of therapy (CXCL13, NFL, vitamin D, BDNF) are in the process of research and implementation. Research has shown the possibility of using new biomarkers, cfDNA and miRNA, in the diagnosis, monitoring of the course of the disease and therapy of MS, which as such would be non-invasive biomarkers. The development of a new generation sequencing method has made it possible to discover new factors involved in the pathogenesis of MS, potential gene biomarkers and new targets for drug development.