Hematopoietic stem cells transplantation is used in the treatment of a wide range of malignant diseases of hematopoiesis, as well as various non-malignant diseases. Cell therapy often requires stable storage of cells over a long period. Cryoprotection is defined as long-term preservation of living cells and tissues at extremely low temperatures, during which cellular processes are temporarily stopped. The basic principle of successful cryoprotection of cells is to prevent the formation of intracellular and extracellular ice crystals during freezing, as this is the primary cause of cell damage. In order to avoid the unfavorable effects of freezing, it is necessary to use cryoprotectants which interact with water molecules and lower the freezing point of water. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is by far the most commonly used cryoprotectant, despite its cytotoxicity and the development of side effects in patients after infusion of cell products. In order to reduce the adverse reactions associated with DMSO, various methods of removing DMSO prior to infusion have been investigated, as well as the discovery of new non-toxic cryoprotectants. In addition to adding cryoprotectants to cells, for successful cryoprotection it is necessary to regulate a number of other parameters, such as cell concentration, freezing rate, storage temperature and thawing rate. Finally, it is important to assess the viability and functionality of the thawed cells to verify product quality and assess engraftment success.