Objectives The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the analytical methods developed and used so far for the detection of counterfeit antibiotics. Next, highlight the negative health effects that occur as a result of counterfeit drugs and describe actions that pharmacists can take to prevent the use of counterfeit drugs. Furthermore, to explain the reasons why the use of low-quality antibiotics leads to an increased risk of the development of resistant strains of microorganisms, treatment failure, loss of trust in health systems and related socio-economic effects. Material and Methods The research in this specialist work is of a theoretical nature. The literature was searched according to the topic and subject of the research, and the search included professional and scientific articles, relevant pharmacopoeias (International Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia, American Pharmacopoeia USP/NF and British Pharmacopoeia), guidelines and reports of regulatory bodies, the World Health Organization and other institutions, as well as various electronic sources. Based on the study of the mentioned literature, their own considerations were made on the mentioned topic of the work. The following databases were used for the literature search: PubMed, Science Direct, ResearchGate, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Embase. Results No single analytical method is sufficient by itself to identify all types of counterfeit antibiotics due to the wide variation in counterfeits. Among the techniques used are high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), along with detection systems such as ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), mass spectrometry (MS), fluorescence and chemiluminescence. In low- and middle-income countries, due to limited resources, faster and more economical methods such as colorimetry and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are preferred, even though they are less sensitive. In high-income countries, advanced techniques such as HPLC-MS provide precise information on the types of constituents present and their amounts, while vibrational spectroscopic techniques such as Raman and NIR are suitable for field applications. Conclusion Antimicrobial drugs represent a fundamental pillar in the treatment of infectious diseases, with a revolutionary impact on public health since their introduction in the 20th century. However, with the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and the problem of counterfeit medicines, it is clear that coordinated global action is needed. While visual inspection is a useful first line of defense, sophisticated counterfeiting techniques require further analysis. The introduction of advanced labeling and packaging techniques, such as holograms, security labels and bar codes, helps in the detection of counterfeits. Application of standard analytical techniques, including spectroscopy (Raman, infrared) and chromatography (liquid and gas), is essential for accurate identification of counterfeit antibiotics. Only by combining regulatory measures, advanced technologies and analytical methods, education and global cooperation can we effectively fight the problem of counterfeit antibiotics and protect public health.