Bats (order of Chiroptera) are the only group of mammals that possess the ability of active flight, a characteristic shared with birds and multiple invertebrate species. They are the second most numerous group within the class of Mammalia. They are widespread throughout the world, except in the polar regions of Arctic and Antarctic. Traditionally, they are divided into two suborders: Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera. In the spatial orientation, Microchiroptera rely on the ability of echolocation (a mechanism of transmitting and detecting high-frequency sound waves) which is why they evolved a series of evolutionary adaptations that are manifested in their morphology and physiology. Apart from the orientation, bats use echolocation to successfully catch prey. These adjustments are visible in the neurophysiology of sending and receiving different types of ultrasonic signals and their precise analysis. The main goal of this review is to briefly describe these adjustments and their effects on bats behavior and to indicate possible technological applications of echolocation, primarily for medical purposes and the automotive industry.