The goal of this work was to give a short overview of melanoma based on its general characteristics, risks of occurrence and different types of melanoma with the special focus on molecular aspect of the disease. Melanoma shows a high level of malignancy and aggressiveness because of it’s massive metastatic potential. That’s why the early diagnosis greatly increases the chances for successful treatment. Melanoma has been classified in different categories based on its characteristics which should help doctors in making prognosis and plans for patient’s treatment. Unfortunately, in the past few years the incidence and mortality of melanoma have constantly been rising, partly because of depletion of the ozone layer so huge amount of UV radiation reaches Earth and exactly this radiation contributes the most to inception of melanoma. However, in the past few years there was a big improvement in medical research. Discovery of molecular basis of melanoma led to the development of targeted therapy which blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific targeted molecules needed for carcinogenesis and tumor growth. In the future, medical research will be definitely focused in discovering some new “smart drugs” to reduce high mortality rates of melanoma. Moreover, we could all contribute to reducing the number of new cases of melanoma by protecting the ozone layer.