The application of pesticides has been known for several thousand years, and the production of synthetic pesticides began in the mid-20th century. Most synthetic pesticides stay in the environment for a long time after their use and their residues can be found in soils, marine and aquatic ecosystems, drinking water and underground aquifers. Furthermore, increased mortality and endangerment of many groups of organisms is reported. The pesticide residues reach humans through the food chain and cause various disorders and diseases. Bioremediation is a cost-effective and sustainable technology that transforms or eliminates pollutants from the environment by bacteria, plants, algae or fungi in an environmentally friendly way. Bioremediation studies with variable results were presented in this paper, including bioremediation of herbicides, diuron and glyphosate, and insecticides, imidacloprid and acetamiprid, using various bacteria and fungi strains. Finally, problems that prevent the massive application of bioremediation were highlighted and their solution is only possible with further research.