In the frame of this doctoral thesis various chemically inert surfaces (polytetrafluoroethylene, diamond, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes and glassy carbon) were investigated in contact with the aqueous NaCl solution. Based on the distribution model, a thermodynamic model was developed that describes processes which lead to charging of interfacial water layer. Thermodynamic parameters for the distribution of hydronium and hydroxide ions between inner layer and bulk of the solution have been experimentally calculated. These parameters were determined via the temperature dependence of the point of zero charge and the isoelectric point. Colloidal particles and crystal surfaces of the same materials were investigated and the results were compared with each other. The point of zero charge of inert particles was determined by the potentiometric mass titration and the acid-base titration. The isoelectric point of inert particles was determined by the electrophoresis while the isoelectric point of crystal surfaces was determined by the streaming potential measurements. Singlecrystal electrodes were constructed and the dependence of the surface potential on the pH of the aqueous electrolyte solution was determined. By measuring the electrokinetic and surface potential at different ionic strengths, influence of the counterions on the processes within the interfacial water layer was observed. Computer simulations of classical molecular dynamics simulated selected interfacial systems and determined the distribution of water molecules and ions along the studied inert surfaces.