In recent years, one of the main demographic trends is the aging of the population which is visible through increased number of older people in the total population. A larger number of older people also means a greater occurrence and spread of the diseases that are mostly characteristic for the elderly. Dementia mostly affects elderly population. Dementia is a neurological syndrome of global and progressive impairment of acquired cognitive abilities caused by certain chronic brain diseases. According to the definition given by the World Health Organization, dementia is a syndrome that can be caused by number of disorders in higher cortical functions, which include disorders of memory, thinking, orientation, understanding, learning, calculation, and disorders in the ability to judge and to speak. Dementia, in addition to health challenges, also comes with different emotional and social ones, and has serious economic consequences for the individual, his family, and society as a whole. Direct, indirect and intangible costs of dementia can greatly affect the financial situation of the patient and his family, as well as the health system in general. Taking this into account, as well as the fact that the average lifespan is getting longer, and the number of elderly people in the total number of the population is increasing, it is very likely that dementia will become one of the most demanding, both medical and socioeconomic challenges of modern society.