This thesis addresses the issue of child sexual abuse and exploitation, emphasizing it as one of the most severe violations of children's rights and a serious threat to their emotional and psychophysical development. It thoroughly examines definitions and various categories of sexual abuse, focusing on physical, psychological, and digital forms, including online grooming and child pornography production. The thesis also reviews the legal framework for child protection in Croatia, with a comparative analysis of international legal norms such as the European Convention on Human Rights, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and EU directives. It explores offender profiles, their methods, and the long-term impact of these crimes on victims. Special attention is given to the discrepancy between the number of reported cases and final convictions, highlighting the shortcomings in the judicial system, including lenient sentencing and challenges in prosecuting such crimes. The paper also investigates the role of sex offender registries and the need for improved victim protection protocols. Despite the existence of legal frameworks, there is still inconsistency in law enforcement, which diminishes the effectiveness of child protection. The thesis underscores the importance of enhancing preventive measures, better educating professionals, and providing greater support for victims during and after legal proceedings. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for stronger international cooperation in combating child sexual exploitation and establishing common standards for preventing and penalizing these crimes. In conclusion, the thesis provides an overview of existing challenges and legal barriers and calls for stronger implementation of current legal solutions to ensure long-term protection and support for the most vulnerable members of society.