Sažetak | Međunarodni ugovori podrazumijevajuuglavljivanje prava i dužnosti subjekata međunarodnog prava u njihovim posebnim odnosima, a njihovo ključno obilježje je reciprocitet, odnosno uzajamnost na kojem se temelje. Prednost međunarodnih ugovora u odnosu na druge vrste međunarodne suradnje jest najčešća pismena forma ugovora gdje nije potrebno posebno dokazivati pravne obveze jer o njima postoji akt. Osim spomenute pismene forme ugovora u svojstvu jedne isprave s mogućim aneksima, ili više povezanih nota, postoje i usmeni ugovori, no oni predstavljaju raritet i najčešće naknadno bivaju zapisani i ovjereni u nekakav zapisnik ili memorandum. Ovisno o akterima međunarodne suradnje, ugovore dijelimo na dvostrane (bilateralne) i mnogostrane(multilateralne) ugovore, nadalje na ugovore- zakone i ugovore -pogodbe, ugovore- ustave međunarodnih organizacija, i političke sporazume, koji se smatraju ugovorima iako u svom sadržaju ne posjeduju pravne obveze te vežu države potpisnice samo moralnim i političkim kodeksom. Ovisno o kakvom tipu ugovora se radi, usko je povezana mogućnost raskida istog, tako na primjer kod dvostranih ugovora, jednostranim otkazom dolazi do prekida ugovora, dok kod mnogostranih ugovora, povlačenjem jedne stranke, ugovor ostaje na snazi, dakle prestanak i suspenzija multilateralnih ugovora su mnogo složeniji procesi. Važna i nerijetka podjela međunarodnih ugovora naslanja se na mogućnost zemalja da pristupe određenom ugovoru, a dijelimo ih na zatvorene, poluotvorene i otvorene ugovore. Kako bi ugovor uopće ostvarivao svrhu zbog koje je sklopljen, potrebno je zadovoljiti nekoliko ključnih uvjeta koji se dotiču stranaka ugovora, koje moraju biti subjekti međunarodnog prava, zatim, predmet ugovora mora biti pravno dopustiv, a izražena volja stranaka mora odgovarati njihovoj stvarnoj volji. U slučaju kada se pojave mane volje dolazi do fenomena„ništavnosti ugovora“ gdje razlikujemo apsolutnu i relativnu ništavnost, što nas dovodi do postupka konvalidacije čime se ugovor može naknadno osnažiti pristankom svih stranaka. U subjekte koji imaju sposobnost sklapanja međunarodnih ugovora ubrajamo: suverene( neovisne) države, federalne jedinice gdje sposobnost ugovaranja varira od države do države, zatim Državu Vatikanskog Grada, međuvladine organizacije, te ustanike u oružanim sukobima. Osim minimalnih uvjeta, koje opće međunarodno pravo nameće državama za nastanak i postojanje ugovora, ono također potpisnicama nudi potpunu slobodu glede samog postupka 25 sklapanja ugovora. Ovisno o broju radnji koje dovode do sklapanja ugovora, razlikujemo pojednostavljeni i složeni postupak. Dok je pojednostavljeni postupak samorazumljiv i sastoji se isključivo u razmjeni isprava iz kojih nedvojbeno proizlazi suglasnost dvaju ili više volja stranaka, složeni postupak uključuje redoslijedom određene i definirane korake vršenja radnji kao što su pregovori i usvajanje teksta ugovora, davanje pristanka na vezanost ugovorom, razmjena i polaganje isprava o ratifikaciji i registracija ugovora. |
Sažetak (engleski) | International treaties imply the incorporation of the rights and duties of subjects of international law in their special relations, and their key feature is reciprocity, ie reciprocity on which they are based. The advantage of international agreements over other types of international cooperation is the most common written form of agreement, where it is not necessary to prove legal obligations, because there is an act on them. In addition to the mentioned written form of treaty as a single document with possible annexes, or several related notes, there are also oral contracts, but they are a rarity and are usually subsequently written down and certified in a record or memorandum. Depending on the actors of international cooperation, agreements are divided into bilateral and multilateral agreements, treaty-law and treaty-treaty, treaty-constitution of international organizations, and political agreements, which are considered treaties although they have no legal obligations, and they bind the signatory states only by a moral and political code. Depending on the type of agreement, the possibility of its termination is closely related to that, for example, in bilateral agreements - unilateral termination terminates the agreement, in multilateral agreements – despite the withdrawal of one party, the agreement remains in 26 force. Therefore, the termination and suspension of multilateral agreements are much more complex processes. An important and frequent division of international treaties relies on the ability of countries to accede to a particular treaty, and we divide them into closed, semi-open and open treaties. In order for a treaty to achieve the purpose for which it was concluded, it is necessary to meet several key conditions affecting the parties of the treaty, which must be subjects of the international law, also, the subject of the treaty must be legally admissible, and the expressed will of the parties must correspond to their actual will. In case of a lack of will, the phenomenon of "nullity of the contract" occurs, where we distinguish between absolute and relative nullity, which leads us to the process of convalidation, whereby the treaty can be subsequently strengthened with the consent of all parties. Entities that have the ability to conclude international treaties include: sovereign (independent) states, federal units - where the ability to negotiate varies from state to state, the Vatican City State, intergovernmental organizations, and uprisings in armed conflicts. In addition to the minimum conditions, which general international law imposes on states for the creation and existence of a treaty, it also offers the signatories complete freedom regarding the very procedure of concluding a treaty. Depending on the number of actions that lead to the conclusion of the contract, we distinguish between simplified and complex procedure. While the simplified procedure is self-explanatory, and consists exclusively of the exchange of documents that unequivocally give rise to the consent of two or more parties, the complex procedure includes precisely defined steps such as negotiation, consent, exchange and deposit of instruments of ratification, and registration of contracts |