The aim of this paper is to describe the composition, properties and clinical application of modern restorative materials developed on the basis of conventional glass ionomer cements (C GIC). The most significant positive features of C GIC are adhesion to the surface of the tooth, biocompatibility, caries-protective effect, whereas key disadvantage includes inferior mechanical properties compared to composite resins. Improved properties have been achieved through modifications in liquid composition, powder composition, powder-liquid ratio, powder particle size and distribution, that is fluoro-alumino-silicate (FAS) glass, and through laminated technique of applying a light-curing coating filled with nanoparticles. The materials produced as a result of the listed modifications are resin-modified GICs, carbomers, high-viscosity and glass-hybrid materials. Improved mechanical and aesthetic properties have led to the expansion of indications for the application of those materials as temporary fillings, fillings in primary dentition and, under certain circumstances, as long-term fillings in secondary dentition. Despite many positive properties, GICs still have certain disadvantages, the biggest challenge for further research being their poor mechanical properties and weak polishing quality compared to composite materials. The current stage of development of modern restorative materials, based on GICs leaves room for further progress.