The stage of growth and development of the crown or the root, as well as the time of tooth eruption, are essential elements of various methods employed for the assessment of the dental age of living people and skeletal remains. The methods used are divided into X-ray (conceived by Demirjian, Nolla, Moorrees and Cameriere) and Atlas techniques. The methods define the stages of enamel development visible on an X-ray and estimate them according to the predefined results. Some conditions such as Down’s syndrome can cause deviations in maturation, so that dental development might also be delayed. Manifestations of chromosomal disorders (e.g. demanding behaviour, birth defects, physical disabilities, and certain craniofacial disorders) pose a great challenge in everyday dental practice; however, new research and insights are of great help in clinical practice in various branches of dental medicine, such as orofacial genetics, orthodontics, pedodontics and forensic dentistry. The exact impact and mechanisms of chromosomal disorders on craniofacial formation and development are for the most part yet to be determined on the molecular level, and require further research. Currently, there are few controlled studies on the impact of chromosomal change on the dental age of children. The aim of this paper is to show by means of an overview of recently published literature how changes can affect dental development and, consequently, dental age estimation.