Orthopantomographic dental X-ray is often used to provide basic information on the existence of periapical inflammatory lesions, diagnostics of tumours and cysts of the jaw, pathology of temporomandibular area and other deformations. Today, dental X-ray radiology is moving from film technology to digital X-ray technology which has advantages such as the ability to enhance images on screen and, because of that, better display of details.Cysts of the jaws are most often asymptomatic formations which appear on dental radiographic images as unilocular or multilocular transparencies of different sizes and sharp borders.Of tumours that appear in the jaws, we differentiate between odontogenic tumours, non-odontogenic tumours and giant cell lesions of the jaw. Differential diagnosis of such lesions is very demanding and it is often hard to differentiate tumour from the cyst so the final diagnosis is set after additional diagnostic methods and pathohistological diagnosis. Orthopantomograph as the conventional radiographic image can also be used to diagnose fractures, especially mandibular fractures and display of fracture fragments. On X-ray we perceive the loss of mandibular bone continuity.The alveolar bones of maxilla and mandible are part of general skeletal system and they contribute to mineral homeostasis so the changes in the structure of the bone become noticeable when diseases like hormonal imbalance or bone metabolism disorders appear. The changes are also noticed in patients who use long term systemic corticosteroid therapy and in patients with changes in the concentration of estrogenic hormones in the blood.