Endodontic treatment is a therapeutic procedure which aims to treat irreversibly altered pulp and provide conditions for the healing of periapical lesions. In case of primary endodontic treatment failure, an endodontic retreatment is indicated, which can be performed as orthograde nonsurgical or retrograde surgical retreatment. Surgical retreatment consists of removing the root apex and the pathologically altered periapical tissue, preparation of the root-end cavity and applying materials for the retrograde filling of root canals. Over the years, a number of materials for retrograde filling of root canals have been introduced into clinical practice, such as amalgam, zinc oxide eugenol cements, glass ionomer cements, gutta-percha and composite resins. Additionally, bioactive materials are increasingly being developed on the market. Bioactive materials appeared in the mid1990s with the aim of overcoming the limitations of earlier used materials. In endodontic surgery, the most commonly used bioactive materials are MTA, Biodentine and bioceramics. Bioactive materials form a chemical bond with hard dental tissues, are biocompatible, have antimicrobial, osteoconductive and osteoinductive effects, and have the ability to induce dentinogenesis, cementogenesis and regeneration of periapical tissues.