Maria Montessori is the most popular name in the history of preschool upbringing and the most important person of modern upbringing who devoted her life in represanting children rights and proving the importance of their extraordinary intellectual abilities. Subject of the work is about the characteristics of Montessori pedagogy and the first primary Montessori school „Barunice Dédée Vranyczany“. The biography of Maria Montessori, her theory of upbringing and the theory of school are also the subject of work. Anthropological and biological basis of Montessori pedagogy. Detaily is described Maria's view on development of a child and so on the are listed and described sensitive stages and the human tendencies. Then, there are described pedagogical priciples of Maria Montessori; child respect, sensing and motion training, movement polarization, freedom and discipline, then characteristics of upbringing, such as movement, religious, cosmic upbringing and creative upbringing. Didactic aspects stands out importance of organized teaching, which involves Montessori spaces and materials. Every material is described separately: materials which are necessary for practical use, materials which are important for developing sense, math material, language material and cosmic upbringing materials. In the last chapture, word is about the history of first primary Montessori school „Barunice Dédée Vranyczany“ in Zagreb and the way it works.