The aim of this work is to confirm or refute the assumptions until recently that there is a significant difference in anthropological characteristics of children from urban and rural environments. This diploma thesis contains a theoretical presentation of the anthropological characteristics of preschool children and a presentation of the conducted research. The research was conducted in the DIDI kindergarten, i.e., in the central facility of the kindergarten and 8 regional facilities. In order to determine the differences in the anthropological status of the children, the tests were conducted with children from urban and rural areas of residence. The sample of respondents consisted of a total of 98 children in the year before starting school, 32 children from urban areas (of which 17 girls and 15 boys) and 66 children from rural areas (of which 27 girls and 39 boys). For the purposes of the research, the sample of variables consisted of 9 tests, three tests for checking morphological characteristics (body height, body mass and body mass index) and 6 tests of motor skills (balance, coordination, explosiveness, dynamogenic manifestation of speed, repetitive dynamogenic ability to manifest strength and mobility). The conducted research shows a statistically significant difference in the trunk tilt variable, while no statistically significant difference appears in other variables. Given that the stated difference is significant at the level of 5%, but not at the level of 1%, as well as the relatively large value of the standard deviation in the measurement of trunk tilt and the absence of significant differences in other motor skills, we can conclude that the hypothesis H1 has been established: No there is a statistically significant difference between children living in urban and rural areas - this research confirms. This research laid the foundation for further research in order to more fully understand the impact of today's circumstances and their eventual consequences on physical activity in