This paper covers the impact of thermal insulation of buildings and protection for a better and safer life in buildings. In one part of the paper is a review of artificial and natural materials, and newer, more modern materials that are of interest to the European market, with its good specifications in energy saving. In the central part, a comparison of fire protection properties of artificial TI materials, such as Styrofoam and stone wool, and natural materials such, as sheep wool iss made. By comparing the fire performance, it is concluded that Styrofoam as TI material has the worst properties. This is confirmed by testing of burning Styrofoam and stone wool in the final part of the work, where it is clearly seen that the Styrofoam is defeated in relation to the stone wool, due to faster combustion and non-compliance with the fire. Based on the comparative analysis of the reaction of fuel and non-combustible material to fire, it is concluded that using of combustible material for thermal insulation reduces the safety of housing and human health due to low fire performance, while the use of non-hazardous matter has a positive impact on the environment, people, and the building in which it is embedded.