| Sažetak | Oko 6500. godine prije Krista u jugoistočnoj Europi započinje mlađe kameno doba koje za sobom donosi brojne promjene. Samim time mijenja se i pogrebna praksa putem koje možemo pratiti kako se svijest naših predaka mijenjala kroz razdoblje neolitika. Dolaskom Starčevačke kulture u kontinentalni dio Hrvatske u ranom neolitiku promijenio se način polaganja tijela pokojnika u grob, te je uspostavljen i novi obrazac pokapanja koji će trajati sve do kraja neolitika. Najvažniji lokalitet Starčevačke kulture zasigurno je Galovo-Ciglana kao jedini lokalitet gdje je oko obredno-ukopnog prostora dokumentirana zaštitna ograda, a uokolo tijela troje pokojnika otkriveni su i tragovi kulta, odnosno pogrebnih rituala. Postoji još nekoliko grobnih nalaza Starčevačke kulture, poput onih na lokalitetima Vinkovci-Tržnica ili VinkovciNama, koji otkrivaju sličan način sahrane u vidu polaganja tijela u grobnu jamu unutar naselja, uglavnom uz prisutnost grobnih priloga. Iako su nalazi iz Korenovske i Sopotske kulture koje su obilježile srednji i kasni neolitik znatno siromašniji, očito je da su se neki aspekti pokapanja zadržali sve do kraja mlađeg kamenog doba. Važno je napomenuti da su tragovi ritualnih obreda koji slave "kult mrtvih" zabilježeni i unutar Starčevačke i unutar Sopotske kulture. Primjerice, vrlo zanimljiv nalaz Sopotske kulture iz razdoblja srednjeg neolitika otkriven je na lokalitetu Ervenica kod Vinkovaca, a radi se o ritualnom ukopu dječje lubanje, što se može vidjeti i po razbacanim ostacima životinjskih kostiju i fragmentima ljudskih lubanja. Vinčanska kultura, iako najistaknutija među kulturama kasnog neolitika, ostavila je siromašne tragove u Hrvatskoj, a samo je jedan grob na mjestu današnjeg hotela u Vinkovcima koji se može pripisati Vinčanskoj kulturi zbog pronalaska posude sa obilježjima iste kulture. Za Primorsku Hrvatsku, grobnih nalaza je nešto više, vjerojatno zbog bolje istraženosti. Posebno iz razdoblja ranog neolitika, jednostavno je uočiti brojne sličnosti, ali i regionalne specifičnosti što su krasile obje regije. Dominantna kultura ranog neolitika primorske Hrvatske je kultura impreso-keramike koja donosi značajne promjene u odnosu na mezolitik. Tri su dominantne vrste ukopa dokumentiranih uz Jadransku obalu, a to su ukop u položaju fetusa u grobnu jamu sa ili bez grobne konstrukcije, zatim sekundarni ukop razbacanih ljudskih kostiju i sekundarno selektivni ukop određenih dijelova tijela kao što je glava ili udovi. Važno je napomenuti da u ovoj fazi prevladava pojedinačni ukop, a rijetki su primjerci gdje nalazimo grupne ukope sa nekoliko tijela pokojnika. Grobni prilozi su rijetka pojava, a tamo gdje ih ima, uglavnom je to kameno oružje ili oruđe, ulomci keramike ili nakit od školjaka. Posebno zanimljiv nalaz ove kulture je kostur odraslog muškarca na lokalitetu Smilčić, čija je lubanja pronađena odvojena, ali u neposrednoj blizini od ostataka kostura. Takav odnos prema tijelu pokojnika autori tumače kao strah koji je zajednica imala prema umrlom članu, te kako bi spriječili njegovo daljnje nanošenje štete, odvojili bi lubanju od ostatka tijela. Slična situacija zabilježena je na lokalitetu Crno Vrilo također pripisanom istoj kulturi, gdje je hrpa većeg kamenja bačena preko nogu pokojnika, vjerojatno zbog sličnog straha koje je zajednica imala od samog pokojnika. Od brojnih nalazišta srednjeneolitičke danilske kulture, ljudski ostaci otkriveni su tek na lokalitetima Danilo, Smilčić i Zemunik Donji. Važno je napomenuti da, iako i Danilo i srednjeneolitički sloj u Smilčiću pripadaju istoj kulturi, Smilčić pokazuje viši stupanj razvoja u odnosu na Danilo, koji još uvijek čvrsto ne raskida sa tradicijom Kulture impresso keramike, što je vidljivo po dominaciji dječjih grobova kao i po pokapanju mrtvih između nastambi unutar naselja. Područje Primorske Hrvatske u kasnom neolitiku predstavljeno je Hvarskom kulturom, imenovanom tako zbog reprezentativnog nalazišta na otoku Hvaru. Radi se o Grapčevoj špilji koja osim što je služila kao mjesto sekundarne vrste ukopa nekoliko jedinki, nudi i dokaze o ritualnom obredu pomoću mnoštva razbacanih ulomaka keramike, životinjskih kostiju i alatki. Ono što novo razdoblje kao takvo donosi u vidu pokapanja mrtvih, sada su nalazi posmrtnih ostataka u špiljama na otocima, a u nekima su utvrđeni i tragovi kulta. Osim u Grapčevoj Špilji, ljudske kosti pronađene su i u Smilčiću, gdje su tragovi pokapanja dokazani kroz sva tri razdoblja neolitika, a važan je i lokalitet Vela Špilja na otoku Korčuli gdje je dokumentiran jedini primarni ukop unutar špilje sa cjelovitim tijelima dvoje ljudi |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Around 6500 BC neolithic era began in southeastern Europe and there are a lot of changes that came with it. Among the other noveltys, the funeral practice changed, through which we can follow how the consciousness of our ancestors changed through the Neolithic period. With the arrival of the Starčevo culture in the continental part of Croatia in the early Neolithic, the way of placing the bodies of the deceased in the grave changed, and a new pattern of burial was established that will last until the end of Neolithic. The most important site of the Starčevo culture is certainly Galovo-Ciglana as the only site where a protective fence has been documented around the burial area, and traces of cults and funeral rituals have been discovered around the bodies of the three deceased. There are several other grave finds of the Starčevo culture, such as those at the Vinkovci-Tržnica or Vinkovci-Nama sites, which reveal a similar way of burial in the form of placing the body in fetus position in a grave pit within the settlement, mostly in the presence of grave goods. Although the finds from the Korenovo and Sopot cultures that marked Middle and Late Neolithic are much poorer, it is obvious that some aspects of burials persisted until the end of the Late Stone Age. It is important to note that traces of ritual rites celebrating the "cult of the dead" have been recorded both within the Starčevo and Sopot cultures. For example, a very interesting find of the Sopot culture from the Middle Neolithic period was discovered at the Ervenica site near Vinkovci, and it is a ritual burial of a child's skull, which can be seen in the scattered remains of animal bones and fragments of human skulls. Vinča culture, although the most prominent among the cultures of the late Neolithic, left poor traces in Croatia. There is only one grave on the site of today's hotel in Vinkovci, which can be attributed to Vinča culture because of a vessel that had characteristics of the same culture. For Coastal Croatia, there are slightly more grave finds, probably due to better research. Especially from the early Neolithic period, it is easy to notiycpojulčoce many similarities, but also regional specifics that both regions had. The dominant culture of the early Neolithic of coastal Croatia is the Culture of impresso pottery, which brings significant changes in relation to the Mesolithic. There are three dominant types of burials documented along the Adriatic coast, such as burial in a fetus position in a grave pit with or without grave structure, then secondary burial of scattered human bones and secondarily selective burial of certain body parts such as head or limbs. It is important to note that at this stage individual burials predominate, and there are rare specimens where we find group burials with several bodies of the deceased. Grave attachments are a rare occurrence, and where they are found, it is mostly stone weapon or tools, fragments of pottery, or shell jewelry. A particularly interesting finding of this culture is the skeleton of an adult male at the Smilčić site, whose skull was found separate, but very close to the remains of the skeleton. Such an attitude towards the body of the deceased is interpreted by the authors as the fear that the community had towards the deceased member, and in order to prevent his further harm, they would separate the skull from the rest of the body. A similar situation was recorded at the Crno Vrilo site also attributed to the same culture, where a pile of larger stones was thrown over the feet of the deceased, probably due to a similar fear the community had of the deceased himself. Out of the numerous sites that can be attributed to this culture, human remains were discovered only at the sites of Danilo, Smilčić and Zemunik Donji. It is important to note that, although Danilo and the Middle Neolithic layer in Smilčić belong to the same culture, Smilčić shows a higher level of development compared to Danilo, which still does not firmly break with the tradition of Culture of impresso pottery, which is evident in the dominance of children's graves and burial of dead between dwellings within the settlement. The area of Coastal Croatia in the late Neolithic was represented by the Hvar culture, named so because of the representative site on the island of Hvar. That site is Grapčeva špilja which apart of being a site of secondary type of burial for several individuals, also offers an evidence of ritual rites which can be seen through the scattered fragments of pottery, animal bones and tools. What the new period as such brings in the form of burial of the dead, are findings of mortal remains inside of the caves on the islands. Traces of a cult have also been found in some of them. Apart from Grapčeva Špilja, human bones were also found in Smilčić, where burial traces have been proven through all three Neolithic periods, as well as the Vela Špilja site on the island of Korčula, where the only primary burial inside the cave with the complete bodies of two people has been documented |
