Veterinary neonatology, like neonatology in human medicine, is a branch of pediatrics that deals with the health of newborn animals. The focus of veterinarians specializing in neonatology is the health of newborn animals, especially those born prematurely or with health issues. During the first 4 weeks after birth, a foal undergoes significant physiological and developmental changes as it adapts to its new environment and establishes essential functions for independent living. Foals are born with an immature immune system and rely on the transfer of antibodies through colostrum. Therefore, a foal that fails to suckle properly during the immediate postpartum period can quickly develop hypoglycemia, weakness, and be susceptible to disease. Some of the more common health conditions that occur in neonatal patients are described in this paper. It is vital to promptly recognize symptoms indicating the development of illness and to initiate appropriate therapy in a timely manner.