This final thesis explores the evolution and current state of maritime oil and petroleum derivatives transportation within the European market, emphasizing technological innovations, regulatory challenges, and environmental issues. The historical review begins with the discovery of oil and the development of the first tankers, such as the innovative tanker "Gluckauf", setting the stage for understanding how early steps in maritime oil transport influenced subsequent technological and operational innovations. The paper provides a detailed description of how different tanker classes, based on their total carrying capacity and structural characteristics, determine the methods and safety of liquid cargo transportation. Special attention is given to advanced pipeline systems, precise methods for measuring liquid levels in tanks, and techniques for transferring liquid cargo that collectively contribute to operation optimization and reduce environmental risks. Furthermore, the analysis covers essential tank cleaning systems and the use of inert gas, which are crucial for maintaining the safety and integrity of both vessels and the marine environment. The focus is also on international regulations that shape the legal frameworks for safety standards in oil transportation, offering an overview of how these regulations affect daily operations and safety at sea. The final segment of the paper turns attention to the analysis of current market conditions in Europe, including the impact of geopolitical events such as the war in Ukraine on supply chains and oil prices. The environmental aspect of tanker usage is also explored, discussing the adjustments necessary for the industry to align with increasing environmental standards. Through a comprehensive review of historical, technical, and regulatory factors, the paper illuminates the complexity of maritime oil transport in Europe, highlighting the importance of innovation, adaptability, and a proactive approach in facing challenges that shape the future of this crucial sector.